We’re going to take a look at the abolitionist jewellery of the anti-slavery motion, an interesting jewellery class that’s as essential as it’s uncommon.
Tomorrow is Juneteenth: a day honoring June 19, 1865; the long-overdue day when the enslaved individuals of america had been lastly free. This looks like the right time to discover the fascinating historical past of abolitionist jewellery and its position within the 18th and nineteenth century anti-slavery motion.
Very like the social justice warriors of the Suffragette motion, nearly all of critical abolitionists didn’t dedicate a lot of their time, cash, or power into jewellery that triumphed their trigger. True examples of abolitionist jewellery are scarce as a result of not a lot of it was created.
We’re going to start by one very influential sort of abolitionist jewellery with examples from museum collections, after which we’re going to take a look at two examples of abolitionist jewellery that I’ve had the honour of photographing personally. After that, we are going to look at these artworks by means of a contemporary lens and spotlight their problematic components.
This text was made attainable by various educated sources, all of that are credited on the finish.
The Wedgewood medallion
The very best identified abolitionist jewellery is the Wedgewood anti-slavery medallion. The picture on the prime of the web page exhibits a circa 1787 instance from The Metropolitan Museum of Artwork whereas the one under, in an embellished body, is from the The Artwork Institute of Chicago.
Designed by Josiah Wedgewood in 1787, the Wedgewood anti-slavery medallion was created for the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Commerce, a London-based group devoted to publicizing their trigger by means of dissemination of anti-slavery books, pamphlets, prints, and artifacts.
The Wedgewood medallions had been distributed on the Society’s conferences free of charge to advertise consciousness. Usually produced in black and white jasperware (a sort of pottery), as an alternative of the Wedgewood firm’s signature blue and white, the Wedgewood anti-slavery medallion depicts the the determine of an enslaved Black man in chains and a loincloth, kneeling in a subservient posture, along with his palms clasped in supplication, beneath the phrases “Am I not a person and a brother.”
The medallions had been extremely popular amongst abolitionists of the time: 1000’s had been produced and set into abolitionist jewellery within the type of pendants, bracelets, hair equipment, brooches, buckles and extra.
The Wedgewood medallion originated in England, nevertheless it quickly made its method to the American abolitionists. In 1788, Josiah Wedgewood included 500 Wedgewood anti-slavery medallions with a letter to Benjamin Franklin, who was President of the Philadelphia Society for the Abolition of Slavery on the time.
Wedgewood’s design was broadly utilized in abolitionist pamphlets and different paraphernalia on each side of the Atlantic. The above is an American tackle the motif exhibiting an enslaved girl as an alternative of an enslaved man, with the phrases “Am I not a lady and a sister.” This instance is a copper token created by Gibbs, Gardner and Firm for the American Anti-Slavery society in 1838, a full fifty years after Wedgewood’s authentic medallion.
A incredible instance of how far the affect of Wedgewood’s design really reached.
An Abolitionist Miniature
This beautiful instance of abolitionist jewellery was within the assortment of Sandy Jacobs Antiques once I visited their sales space on the 2023 Washington Winter Antiques present. This miniature caught my eye instantly, and the eminently educated Sandy was variety sufficient it inform me all about it whereas I photographed it.
Are you able to see why we began with Wedgewood? This piece additionally dates to the late 1700’s however is rather more excessive finish than the British jasperware medallions. It makes use of the identical motif and the identical slogan – the artist was clearly impressed by Wedgewood’s design.
The extra intently you have a look at this piece, the extra spectacular it turns into. A tiny oil portray on an ivory plaque, this miniature’s each hand-painted brushstroke completed impossibly miniscule particulars with nice precision. You possibly can see every the kneeling determine’s facial options and hair, the curve of every letter, even the destructive house contained in the hyperlinks of the chain.
The determine even seems to be carrying a gold earring, a element not included in Wedgewood’s authentic design.
This ivory miniature is backed with gold and encased by a domed lens. It began life as a brooch however was later transformed to a pendant.
This piece’s origin is unknown. Was it commissioned by a abolitionist with cash to spare? Did a jeweler pleasant to the trigger create it as a ardour venture, or for their very own private assortment? Maybe it was gifted to a outstanding determine in hopes that they’d put on it publicly and lift consciousness.
No matter its story, to name this explicit piece of abolitionist jewellery uncommon is an understatement. I’ve by no means seen one other one prefer it and I in all probability by no means will.
An Abolitionist Fob
I discussed above that the miniature from Sandy Jacobs Antiques was the primary piece of abolitionist jewellery I encountered in my profession. This fob was the second piece I ever noticed, and I occurred throughout it on the identical day of the 2023 Washington Winter Antiques Present, at The Spare Room Antiques’ sales space.
Each had been probability discoveries: I simply occurred to spy each items of their respective circumstances and was fortunate sufficient to have relationships with each sellers that meant I might ask for a more in-depth look.
This heavy 18 karat gold fob is about with a carved carnelian seal that bears the phrases “PURUM PATIENTIA FRANCE,” which interprets to “Beneath a transparent sky, France suffers.” Above the phrases is what seems to be a household crest with a stylized Black male determine’s face above a crown.
This fob’s abolitionist message is extra indirect than the Wedgewood medallion or the miniature, however Jen Shapiro and Jackie Smelkinson of The Spare Room Antiques had been variety sufficient to present me a mini historical past lesson on its significance.
In their very own phrases:
“However the phrase ‘France’ within the inscription, our wax seal fob is English. The seal harkens again to the British abolitionist motion in France, throughout which era the British individuals actively sought to stress the French to abolish slavery.
This fob seal exhibits the robust anti-slavery motion that existed among the many British following the reinstatement of slavery by Napoleon. It was the anti-slavery motion in England which induced the second abolition of slavery in France by means of the July Revolution of 1848, which formally abolished slavery in France as soon as and for all.”
I’m notably fascinated by the determine carved into this fob. Not like the Wedgwood design, this man isn’t subservient and submissive or begging for assist. He stands proud and tall, above a crown, along with his hair tied again by a ribbon bow.
Are we a free Black man, thriving in France’s theoretical anti-slavery future? I’m not positive, however I believe it’s attainable.
The fob itself incorporates a wealthy design of stylized acanthus leaves, a motif generally utilized in mourning jewellery and headstone engravings. Acanthus leaves symbolize the heavenly backyard, however in addition they characterize rebirth, immortality, and resurrection. It looks like a really applicable adornment for this fob that grieves for France’s enslaved inhabitants whereas calling the nation to embrace a greater future.
Essential concerns
Whereas it will be fantastic to easily say “all abolitionist jewellery is sweet as a result of abolishing slavery is an efficient trigger,” the very fact is that there are numerous lower than ideally suited components to those fascinating artworks that we should acknowledge.
To begin, allow us to return to the Wedgewood medallion. Josiah Wedgewood’s intentions could have been optimistic, however his imagery is unreservedly problematic.
The depiction of this Black determine prostrating himself earlier than the viewer along with his palms upraised in supplication implies that the enslaved man is a weak, pitiable determine humbly imploring the (presumably white) abolitionists of late 1700’s London for his or her charitable help. All the pieces about it suggests submission and helplessness to an extent that belies the equality recommended by medallion’s slogan.
The Wedgewood medallion could have impressed abolitionist imagery throughout two continents, nevertheless it’s additionally vitally essential to make clear the objectives of London’s Society for the Abolition of the Slave Commerce, for whom the medallion was initially created. The Society was preventing particularly for the abolition of the slave commerce solely. They didn’t advocate for presently enslaved individuals to be freed or for slavery to outlawed.
Though Josiah Wedgewood was personally an abolitionist, he undeniably benefited from the existence of the slave commerce. The Wedgewood firm was immensely financially profitable and far of that revenue got here from aristocratic purchasers who used wealth earned each straight and not directly from the slave commerce to buy its wares.
On prime of that, Wedgewood primarily made ceramic housewares, which might have been utilized in home service to current meals that was typically planted, harvested and/or ready by enslaved and colonized individuals.
One should additionally ask: who’s the person on the Wedgewood medallion? Was he modeled on an actual particular person, or is he merely an artist’s amalgam of exaggerated traits stereotypically related to enslaved males?
If there was a mannequin, was he paid for his time? Did he consent to using his picture for this objective? Was that consent given in a scenario that made saying “no” attainable? Why isn’t his title a part of this story?
The identical goes for the feminine determine on the ladies’s model of the design and the profile on the French fob. We don’t know any of those solutions, however they’re essential inquiries to ask.
Lastly: there’s the truth that I’m white and so are the vintage jewellery sellers who shared these items of abolitionist jewellery with me. That’s an essential level that deserves its personal part.
Privilege & Perspective
As a result of I’m a white girl, it’s not attainable for me to know the way it feels to expertise abolitionist jewellery as a descendant of the enslaved people who these artworks depict and even as an individual with the identical pores and skin shade because the figures on these artworks.
I’ve tried to do justice to this topic by presenting the data thoughtfully and with consciousness of how my very own id informs my viewpoint, however I additionally need to acknowledge that there are very important components of this jewellery class that I can not personally expertise.
I want to invite you all to proceed this dialogue by sharing your ideas about abolitionist jewellery with me, both within the feedback part under, by means of social media, or privately although electronic mail. My socials and electronic mail are linked on the prime of this web page.
For those who’d prefer to be taught extra in regards to the historical past of Black figures in vintage artwork and jewellery, I extremely suggest the writings of Tanzy Ward, an vintage jewellery supplier who has written two books about this ceaselessly neglected topic. (I’m presently studying her e-book Unsung Portraits: Nameless Pictures of Black Victorians and Early twentieth Century Ancestors.)
Discover Tanzy’s web site right here and her Instagram right here.
I additionally extremely suggest Nia Tahani of The Gem Corps’s Instagram sequence about de-stigmatizing and rehoming vintage Blackamoor model jewellery – it’s fascinating and intensely insightful. It’s possible you’ll acknowledge Nia’s title from my latest characteristic on her Black historical past and social justice talisman, Candy Chairiot.
Discover The Gem Corps web site right here and Nia’s Instagram right here.
Thanks for approaching this jewellery journey with me, my darlings.
Abolitionist jewellery is an interesting and nuanced subcategory of jewellery historical past and it has been my completely honor to share these significant treasures from the previous with you immediately.
Sources:
“Am I Not a Lady and a Sister: Girls and the Anti-Slavery Marketing campaign.” Lady and Her Sphere, 1 Oct. 2012, womanandhersphere.com/2012/10/01/am-i-not-a-woman-and-a-sister-women-and-the-anti-slavery-campaign/.
Anti-Slavery Medallion, The Artwork Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu/artworks/66185/anti-slavery-medallion.
“Anti-Slavery Cameo.” On-line Assortment of the Walters Artwork Museum, The Walters Artwork Museum , 1 Aug. 2022, artwork.thewalters.org/element/17899/anti-slavery-medallion/.Jacobs, Sandy. Conversations with vintage supplier, January 2023.
Jacobs, Sandy. Video of uncommon abolitionist miniature, Instagram, November 7, 2023.
“Josiah Wedgwood: Antislavery Medallion: British, Etruria, Staffordshire.” The Metropolitan Museum of Artwork, www.metmuseum.org/artwork/assortment/search/191076. Accessed 17 June 2024.
Nationwide Museum of American Historical past Smithsonian Establishment. “Antislavery Medallion. www.flickr.com/images/nationalmuseumofamericanhistory/8360976981.
Oldfield, Dr John. “Historical past – British Historical past in Depth: British Anti-Slavery.” BBC, BBC, 17 Feb. 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/historical past/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml.
Peters, Hayden. “Symbolism, the Acanthus.” Artwork of Mourning, 10 Jan. 2022, artofmourning.com/symbolism-sunday-the-acanthus/.
Shapiro, Jennifer. Private emails with vintage supplier, January 2023.
Stoehrer, Emily. “’Slave-in-Chains’ Medallion.” Museum of High quality Arts Boston, Museum of High quality Arts Boston, 16 Feb. 2017, www.mfa.org/entry/2017/slave-in-chains-medallion.
The Wedgwood Anti-Slavery Medallion · V&A, Victoria and Albert Museum, www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-wedgwood-anti-slavery-medallion.
“Token with ‘Am I Not a Lady and Sister.’” Nationwide Museum of African American Historical past and Tradition, nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2018.52.
“Wedgwood Anti Slavery Medal.” Odyssey Traveller, www.odysseytraveller.com/articles/wedgwood-anti-slavery-medallion/.
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